Análise do perfil sociodemográfico de notificados para hepatite B e imunização contra a doença / Análisis sociodemográfico del reportado hepatitis B y la inmunización contra la enfermedad / Sociodemographic analysis of reported hepatitis B and immunization against the disease

Objective: To analyze the socio-demographic profile of reported hepatitis B and immunization against the disease. Methods: Study Hepatitis B notification data in the surveillance of a Minas Gerais’ municipality, from 2007 to 2015, conducted at the Labor Education Program for Health descriptive and analytical statistics, with significance level of p < 0.05. Results: 132 cases and two deaths were notified. The age of the reported cases ranged from zero to 87 years, average 35.8 (± 14.0) years. More frequently for men (52.3%) and with low education (64.8%). Most of them did not vaccinate (81.8%) and had positive result of HSBsAg serology (90.1%); immunization was not linked to the socio-demographic profile (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Age, education and gender were not associated with immunization, vaccination schedule and the HSBsAg test. The absence of vaccination among the notified suggests need for health education among the population, orienting the possibility of protection by immunization.

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil sociodemográfico dos notificados para hepatite B e a imunização contra a doença. Métodos: Estudo com dados de notificação de hepatite B na vigilância epidemiológica do município de Minas Gerais, entre 2007 a 2015, conduzido no Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde. Estatística descritiva e analítica, com nível de significância p < 0,05. Resultados: Notificaram-se 132 casos e dois óbitos. A idade dos notificados variou de zero a 87 anos, média de 35,8 (± 14,0) anos. Maior frequência para homens (52,3%) e baixa escolaridade (64,8%). A maioria não vacinou (81,8%) e teve resultado da sorologia HSBsAg positivo (90,1%); a imunização não se associou ao perfil sociodemográfico (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Idade, escolaridade e sexo não foram associados à imunização, ao esquema vacinal ou ao teste HSBsAg. A ausência de vacinação entre os notificados sugere a necessidade de educação em saúde junto à população, orientando-a sobre possibilidade de proteção pela imunização.

Objetivo: Analizar el perfil sociodemográfico reportado de hepatitis B y la inmunización contra la enfermedad. Métodos: Estudio de datos de notificación de la hepatitis B en la vigilancia del municipio de Minas Gerais, de 2007 a 2015, realizadas en el Programa de Educación para el Trabajo de estadística descriptiva y analítica de la Salud, con un nivel de significación de p<0,05. Resultados: 132 casos fueron notificados; dos muertes. La edad del reportado varió de cero a 87 años, con una media de 35,8 (± 14,0) años. Con mayor frecuencia entre los hombres (52,3%) y baja educación (64,8%). La mayoría no vacunados (81,8%) y tuvo resultado positivo de HSBsAg serología (90,1%); la inmunización no vinculado al perfil sociodemográfico (p > 0,05). Conclusión: La edad, la educación y el sexo no se asociaron con la inmunización, calendario de vacunación y la prueba HSBsAg. La ausencia de vacunación entre los notificados sugiere la necesidad de educación para la salud entre la población, orientando la posibilidad de protección mediante la vacunación.

Antifungal susceptibility in vitro determined by the Etest® for Candida obtained from the oral cavity of irradiated and elderly individuals.

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species of head-and-neck-irradiated patients (Group 1), non-institutionalized (Group 2) and institutionalized elders (Group 3) using Etest® methodology. Candida was isolated from saliva and presumptively identified by CHROMagar Candida(r), confirmed by morphological criteria, carbohydrate assimilation (API 20C AUX®) and genetic typing (OPE 18). The collection was made from 29, 34 and 29 individuals (Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively) with 67 isolates. Etest® strips (ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B and flucytosine) on RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) agar, on duplicate, were used to evaluate susceptibility. ATTC (American Type Culture Collection) 10231 (Candida albicans) was used as quality control. Among the 67 isolates of Candida species, most were susceptible to azoles, flucytosine and amphotericin B. None of the isolates showed resistance and dose-dependent susceptibility to amphotericin B. There were nine strains resistant to itraconazole, six to fluconazole and two to ketoconazole and ten dose-dependent, mainly to flucytocine. The highest MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) to C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis was 2.671 µg.mL-1, 8.104 µg.mL-1, 4.429 µg.mL-1, all for flucytosine. C. krusei and C. glabrata were associated with higher MIC for azoles and C. glabrata with higher MIC to flucytosine. In summary, susceptibility to all tested antifungal agents was evident. The isolates were more resistant to itraconazole and dose-dependent to flucytosine. A comparison of C. albicans in the three groups showed no outliers. Higher MIC was associated with C. krusei and C. glabrata.

Antifungal Susceptibility In Vitro Determined by the Etest(r) for Candida Obtained from the Oral Cavity of Irradiated and Elderly Individuals

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species of head-and-neck-irradiated patients (Group 1), non-institutionalized (Group 2) and institutionalized elders (Group 3) using Etest(r) methodology. Candida was isolated from saliva and presumptively identified by CHROMagar Candida(r), confirmed by morphological criteria, carbohydrate assimilation (API 20C AUX(r)) and genetic typing (OPE 18). The collection was made from 29, 34 and 29 individuals (Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively) with 67 isolates. Etest(r) strips (ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B and flucytosine) on RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) agar, on duplicate, were used to evaluate susceptibility. ATTC (American Type Culture Collection) 10231 (Candida albicans) was used as quality control. Among the 67 isolates of Candida species, most were susceptible to azoles, flucytosine and amphotericin B. None of the isolates showed resistance and dose-dependent susceptibility to amphotericin B. There were nine strains resistant to itraconazole, six to fluconazole and two to ketoconazole and ten dose-dependent, mainly to flucytocine. The highest MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) to C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis was 2.671 μg.mL-1, 8.104 μg.mL-1, 4.429 μg.mL-1, all for flucytosine. C. krusei and C. glabrata were associated with higher MIC for azoles and C. glabrata with higher MIC to flucytosine. In summary, susceptibility to all tested antifungal agents was evident. The isolates were more resistant to itraconazole and dose-dependent to flucytosine. A comparison of C. albicans in the three groups showed no outliers. Higher MIC was associated with C. krusei and C. glabrata.

Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a susceptibilidade antifúngica in vitro de espécies de Candida obtidas de pacientes irradiados em cabeça e pescoço (Grupo 1), idosos não institucionalizados (Grupo 2) e idosos institucionalizados (Grupo 3) usando a metodologia Etest(r). Candida foi isolada da saliva e identificada presuntivamente pelo teste CHROMagar Candida(r), confirmada pelo critério morfológico, assimilação de carboidratos API 20C AUX(r) e identificação genética (OPE 18). A coleta foi feita em 29, 34 e 29 indivíduos (Grupos 1, 2 and 3, respectivamente) com 67 isolados. As fitas de Etest(r) (cetoconazol, itraconazol, fluconazol, anfotericina B and flucitosina) em meio ágar RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute), em duplicata, foram utilizados para avaliar a susceptibilidade. A ATTC (American Type Culture Collection) 10231 (Candida albicans) foi usada como controle de qualidade. Dos 67 isolados de espécies de Candida, a maioria foi susceptíveis aos azoles, flucitosina e anfotericina B. Nenhum dos isolados mostrou resistência ou susceptibilidade dose-dependente a anfotericina B. Houve nove espécies resistentes ao itraconazol, seis ao fluconazol e duas ao cetoconazol e dez dose-dependentes, principalmente a flucitosina. Os maiores valores de MIC (mínima concentração inibitória) para C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis foram, respectivamente, 2,671 μg.mL-1, 8,104 μg.mL-1, 4, 429 μg.mL-1, todos para a flucitosina. C. krusei e C. glabrata foram associadas a um maior MIC para azoles e C. glabrata com maior MIC para flucitosina. Em resumo, a susceptibilidade a todos os antifúngicos testados foi evidente. Os isolados foram mais resistentes ao itraconazol e dose dependentes para a flucitosina. A comparação para C. albicans nos três grupos não mostrou diferença. Os maiores valores de MIC estavam relacionados a C. krusei e C. glabrata.